Dyslexia is a learning disorder characterized by problems in processing words into meaningful information. Researchers understand that dyslexia is a problem that arises from difficulties or inefficiencies in the brain in analyzing and processing individual letter sounds (called phonemes) and blending them into words at a speed that allows comprehension and fluency. Thus, the most prominent sign of dyslexia is difficulty in learning to read. Nevertheless, people with dyslexia may have other language related deficits such as problems understanding rapid speech, difficulty in following complex or multi-part instructions, or trouble remembering things in correct sequence.
Reading disorders are the most common type of learning disorder, and dyslexia is the most common reading disorder. Between 15% and 20% of American elementary school children have significant, continuing difficulties with learning to read, reading fluency, and/or reading comprehension, but only about 5% are referred for special help in reading. Of those, between 65% and 75% are boys. Dyslexia occurs in people of all races, and income levels, however, African-American children with dyslexia are more likely to be misdiagnosed and mislabeled as mildly mentally retarded. Dyslexia is not linked to low intelligence (low IQ). Many people with the disorder have average or above average intelligence and show an unexpected difference between achievement and aptitude, although this is not a requirement for a diagnosis of dyslexia.
The underlying cause of dyslexia is not known, although research suggests the condition is often inherited. Using tomography scans and functional magnetic resonance imaging researchers have been able to track the parts of the brain that become active when people with and without dyslexia read. Their general conclusion is that the brains of people with dyslexia are organized differently than those without the disorder and that this different organization results in less concentrated and efficient analysis and processing of the written representation of letter sounds into meaningful information.
Anyone who is suspected to have dyslexia should have a comprehensive evaluation, including hearing, vision, and intelligence testing. How well a person with dyslexia functions in life depends on the degree of disability, the presence of other learning disabilities, and the success of intervention strategies. Prognosis often is good if the dyslexia is diagnosed early, if the child has a strong self image with supportive family, friends, and teachers, and is actively involved in a good, individualized remedial program.
(Adaptado de: Dyslexia. The Free Dictionary by Farlex. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 19 ago. 2016.)
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