SPAIN’S ECONOMY
1 In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for optimism.
2 Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively competitive.
Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as productive as their German,
Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
3 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish competitiveness. It
shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter profits.
4 The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. Mercadona,
the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique
business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business schools.
5 Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been steeper
than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in
balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in the words of
Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.
6 Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already implemented
painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into the economy. The
bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short term the country’s
increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.
Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
