Zika virus
Key facts
• Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
• People with Zika virus disease usually have symptoms that can include mild fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days.
• There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available.
• The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
• The virus is known to circulate ∈Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Signs and Symptoms
The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is not clear, but is likely to be a few days. The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus infections such as dengue, and include fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and headache. These symptoms are usually mild and last for 2-7 days.
Potential complications of Zika virus disease
During large outbreaks ∈French Polynesia and Brazil ∈2013 and 2015 respectively, national health authorities reported potential neurological and auto-immune complications of Zika virus disease. Recently ∈Brazil, local health authorities have observed an increase ∈Guillain-Barré syndrome which coincided with Zika virus infections ∈ the general public, as well as an increase ∈ babies born with microcephaly ∈ northeast Brazil. Agencies investigating the Zika outbreaks are finding an increasing body of evidence about the link between Zika virus and microcephaly. However, more investigation is needed to better understand the relationship between microcephaly ∈ babies and the Zika virus. Other potential causes are also being investigated.
Diagnosis
Zika virus diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory testing for the presence of Zika virus RNA∈ the blood or other body fluids, such as urine or saliva.
Prevention
This can be done by using insect repellent regularly; wearing clothes (preferably light-coloured) that cover as much of the body as possible; using physical barriers such as window screens, closed doors and windows; and if needed, additional personal protection, such as sleeping under mosquito nets during the day. It is extremely important to empty, clean or cover containers regularly that can store water, such as buckets, drums, pots etc. Other mosquito breeding sites should be cleaned or removed including flower pots, used tyres and roof gutters. Communities must support the efforts of the local government to reduce the density of mosquitoes ∈ their locality.
Treatment
Zika virus disease is usually relatively mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus should get plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever with common medicines. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice. There is currently no vaccine available.
World Health Organization
The known places the virus go round are:
