GERMAN SUBMARINES (U-BOATS) (2)
By N.A.M. Rodger
[1] Warships are built for war, but not only for war. They have always had an eloquent symbolic value as expressions of power, wealth and resolve
[determinação], as instruments of threat or reassurance. They speak this language ∈ peacetime just as much as ∈ war. But ‘language’ should really be ∈
the plural. Different kinds of warship convey different meanings, ∈ different languages, and the languages are not easy to translate. This applies to all
warships, but especially to submarines. The range of ideas and associations linked with German submarines, for example, ∈ the period of the two world
wars and since, were not the same inside Germany as outside. For many episodes of Anglo-German submarine history there are at least three versions of
the narrative: the British, the German and what actually happened.
[2] During the Second World War, the British officially described all enemy submarines as ‘U-boats’, regardless of nationality, so that they would all be
tainted [manchados, tachados] by the sinister connotations of the German word, and so that the public would not confuse their activities with the heroic
campaigns of British and allied submariners. Today, most books ∈English on the First World War still describe Germany’s adoption of ‘unrestricted
submarine warfare’ as the critical point of the naval war, but what they imagine to have taken place bears only a slight resemblance [semelhança] to the
reality. ‘Unrestricted submarine war’ ⟹ the rejection of legal restraints [restrições] that did not exist, for international law as yet had taken almost
no note of the existence of submarines. The German submarine force was divided into different commands that followed different policies and operated
different types of boat, but most of them were occupied with stopping cargo ships on the surface ∈ daylight ∈ coastal waters, then allowing the crews to
escape ∈ their boats before sinking the ships by shellfire or scuttling charges. This was a highly efficient form of attack involving minimal loss of life. In
August 1916 Lieutenant Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, the captain of U-35, returned to his base having sunk 54 ships, still the record for the single most
destructive submarine patrol ∈ history. The quayside [cais] was black with cheering crowds, ‘and yet,’ he commented, ‘so far we had scarcely had any
adventures. It was all rather humdrum. We would stop the ship, order the crew into the boats, check the ship’s papers, give the crew a course to the nearest
land and sink the prize.’
[3] This practice was economical and brilliantly successful, but German senior officers were not cheering. It was hateful to German admirals, and even more
to generals, because to them it looked like a concession to civilian values that would ruin Germany’s reputation for Abschreckung (‘frightfulness’ or terror).
They wanted the U-boats to torpedo passenger liners, which was difficult to achieve and had limited military value, because the mass slaughter of civilians,
they believed, would frighten enemies into surrendering and drive neutrals into port. So they ordered the reluctant submariners to abandon surface attacks
∈ favour of the more murderous, but much less effective, submerged attack. The German submariners knew (as did the British) that the economic blockade
was Germany’s most effective weapon. But economic blockade was an alien concept to German senior officers, and had little to do with victory as they
understood it: they weren’t fighting to win so much as to assert the social values of the German military and claim their rightful status ∈ the command of
society.
Adapted from the London Review of Books 22 September 2016.
At the beginning of paragraph 3, the phrase “…German senior officers were not cheering…” most likely refers to which of the following?
