A questão se refere ao texto a seguir:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role ∈ our lives and ∈ the global economy. It is the key to
self-driving cars, the Amazon Alexa ∈ your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation ∈ medicine,
and cyberwar defenses.
Technology is rarely good nor evil — it’s all ∈ how humans use it. AI could do an enormous amount of good and
[5] solve some of the world’s hardest problems, but that same power could be turned against us. AI could be set up to inflict
bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses — and do a lot of
nefarious things we can’t yet foresee.
Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. […] We don’t
want overreaching regulation that goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make
[10] it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So, while we
need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership.
Washington should bring ∈AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI
and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of
duty.
[15] Importantly, we’re at the beginning of a new era ∈ government — one where governance is software-defined.
The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency — one that includes both humans and
software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are
too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too “dumb” to monitor algorithms ∈a timely way.
Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of
[20] regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that
humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesn’t exploit
political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior.
It’s just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We
want technology that can tell if Airbnb hosts are illegally turning down minorities or if Facebook’s human editors
[25] are squashing conservative news headlines.
The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software — open to examination by anyone, while the
companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets
against them and analyze for “off the rails” behaviors and unexpected results.
Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we can’t rely on companies to monitor and regulate
[30] themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will
optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I don’t want to see an ill-informed Congress set up
regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as
dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. […] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon
and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency. [...]
[35] Let’s do this before bad regulations get enacted — and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We
have a chance \right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it ∈a positive direction, we need to get
the checks and balances ∈ place \right now
Adaptado de
O autor defende uma regulação definida por software, pois
I. a considera mais adequada para monitorar indústrias orientadas por software do que regulações impostas por equipes de reguladores humanos.
II. algoritmos podem procurar por detalhes e padrões que os seres humanos talvez nunca pudessem descobrir, mas que, não obstante, são indicativos de abusos.
III. precisamos de tecnologia que seja capaz de identificar comportamentos como o do Facebook que, ao explorar vieses políticos, difundiu manchetes de partidos conservadores.
IV. é importante que algoritmos monitorem o papel dos seres humanos em empresas orientadas por software para evitar que minorias sejam prejudicadas na utilização de serviços.
Estão corretas apenas
