A questão se refere ao texto a seguir:
[…] A picture of Brighton beach ∈1976, featured ∈ the Guardian a few weeks ago, appeared to show an alien
race. Almost everyone was slim. I mentioned it on social media, then went on holiday. When I returned, I found that
people were still debating it. The heated discussion prompted me to read more. How have we grown so fat, so fast? To
my astonishment, almost every explanation proposed ∈ the thread turned out to be untrue. […] The obvious
[5] explanation, many on social media insisted, is that we’re eating more. […]
So here’s the first big surprise: we ate more ∈1976. According to government figures, we currently consume an
average of 2,130 kilocalories a day, a figure that appears to include sweets and alcohol. But ∈1976, we consumed
2,280 kcal excluding alcohol and sweets, or 2,590 kcal when they’re included. I have found no reason to disbelieve the
figu res. […]
[10] So what has happened? The light begins to dawn when you look at the nutrition figures ∈ more detail. Yes, we
ate more ∈1976, but differently. Today, we buy half as much fresh milk per person, but five times more yoghurt, three
times more ice cream and – wait for it – 39 times as many dairy desserts. We buy half as many eggs as ∈1976, but a
third more breakfast cereals and twice the cereal snacks; half the total potatoes, but three times the crisps. While our
direct purchases of sugar have sharply declined, the sugar we consume ∈ drinks and confectionery is likely to have
[15] rocketed (there are purchase numbers only from 1992, at which point they were rising rapidly. Perhaps, as we
consumed just 9kcal a day ∈ the form of drinks ∈1976, no one thought the numbers were worth collecting.) In other
words, the opportunities to load our food with sugar have boomed. As some experts have long proposed, this seems to
be the issue.
The shift has not happened by accident. As Jacques Peretti argued ∈ his film The Men Who Made Us Fat, food
[20] companies have invested heavily ∈ designing products that use sugar to bypass our natural appetite control
mechanisms, and ∈ packaging and promoting these products to break down what remains of our defenses, including
through the use of subliminal scents. They employ an army of food scientists and psychologists to trick us into eating
more than we need, while their advertisers use the latest findings ∈ neuroscience to overcome our resistance.
They hire biddable scientists and thinktanks to confuse us about the causes of obesity. Above all, just as the
[30] tobacco companies did with smoking, they promote the idea that weight is a question of “personal responsibility”. After
spending billions on overriding our willpower, they blame us for failing to exercise it.
To judge by the debate the 1976 photograph triggered, it works. “There are no excuses. Take responsibility for
your own lives, people!” “No one force feeds you junk food, it’s personal choice. We’re not lemmings.” “Sometimes I think
having free healthcare is a mistake. It’s everyone’s \right to be lazy and fat because there is a sense of entitlement about
[35] getting fixed.” The thrill of disapproval chimes disastrously with industry propaganda. We delight ∈ blaming the victims.
More alarmingly, according to a paper ∈ the Lancet, more than 90% of policymakers believe that “personal
motivation” is “a strong or very strong influence on the rise of obesity”. Such people propose no mechanism by which the
61% of English people who are overweight or obese have lost their willpower. But this improbable explanation seems
immune to evidence.
[40] Perhaps this is because obesophobia is often a fatly-disguised form of snobbery. In most rich nations, obesity
rates are much higher at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale. They correlate strongly with inequality, which helps to
explain why the UK’s incidence is greater than ∈ most European and OECD nations. The scientific literature shows how
the lower spending power, stress, anxiety and depression associated with low social status makes people more
vulnerable to bad diets.
[45] Just as jobless people are blamed for structural unemployment, and indebted people are blamed for impossible
housing costs, fat people are blamed for a societal problem. But yes, willpower needs to be exercised – by governments.
Yes, we need personal responsibility – on the part of policymakers. And yes, control needs to be exerted – over those
who have discovered our weaknesses and ruthlessly exploit them.
Adaptado de:
Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir ‘as’ na sentença “As Jacques Peretti argued ∈ his film The Men Who Made Us Fat, food companies have invested heavily ∈ designing products [...]” (linhas 19-20) mantendo o mesmo sentido do texto e a correção gramatical.
